Free Blacks as a percentage of the total Black (African-American) population by U.S. region and U.S. state between 1790 and 1860

State/territory/
Population Percent		 17901800181018201830184018501860 
United States 7.9% 10.8% 13.5%13.2%13.7%13.4%11.9%11.0%
Northeast 40.1%56.2% 73.5%83.7%97.8%99.5%99.8%100.0%
Midwest 078.7%52.4% 38.0%37.7%34.4%35.5%37.6%
South 4.7%6.7%8.5%8.2%8.4%8.1%7.0%6.3%
West 00000097.9%99.4%
Alabama 04.4%2.2% 1.3%1.3%0.8%0.7%0.6%
Alaska --------
Arizona -------100.0%
Arkansas 001.4%3.5%3.0%2.3%1.3%0.1%
California ------100.0%100.0%
Colorado --1.4%3.5%3.0%2.3%1.3%0.1%
Connecticut 50.4%84.9%95.4%98.8%99.7%99.8%100.0%100.0%
Delaware 30.5%57.3%75.9%74.2%82.8%86.7%88.8%91.7%
District of Columbia -16.2%30.7%37.9%50.5%66.2%73.2%77.8%
Florida ----5.2%3.1%2.3%1.5%
Georgia 1.3%1.7%1.7%1.2%1.1%1.0%0.8%0.8%
Hawaii --------
Idaho --------
Illinois -41.5%78.5%33.3%68.7%91.6%100.0%100.0%
Indiana -75.7%62.4%86.6%99.9%100.0%100.0%100.0%
Iowa -----91.5%100.0%100.0%
Kansas -------99.7%
Kentucky 0.9%1.8%2.1%2.1%2.9%3.9%4.5%4.5%
Louisiana --8.0%13.2%13.2%13.1%6.7%5.3%
Maine 100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%99.8%100.0%100.0%100.0%
Maryland 7.2%15.6%23.3%27.0%33.9%40.9%45.3%49.1%
Massachusetts 100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%
Michigan -100.0%83.3%100.0%99.6%100.0%100.0%100.0%
Minnesota ------100.0%100.0%
Mississippi -5.0%1.2%1.4%0.8%0.7%0.3%0.2%
Missouri --17.4%3.3%2.2%2.6%2.9%3.0%
Montana --------
Nebraska -------81.7%
Nevada -------100.0%
New Hampshire 79.9%100.0%100.0%100.0%99.5%99.8%100.0%100.0%
New Jersey 19.5%26.2%42.0%62.2%89.0%96.9%99.0%99.9%
New Mexico ------100.0%100.0%
New York 17.9%33.3%62.8%74.4%99.8%100.0%100.0%100.0%
North Carolina 4.7%5.0%5.7%6.7%7.4%8.5%8.7%8.4%
North Dakota --------
Ohio -100.0%100.0%100.0%99.9%100.0%100.0%100.0%
Oklahoma --------
Oregon ------100.0%100.0%
Pennsylvania 63.6%89.5%96.6%99.3%98.9%99.9%100.0%100.0%
Rhode Island 78.2%89.7%97.1%98.7%99.5%99.8%100.0%100.0%
South Carolina 1.7%2.1%2.3%2.6%2.4%2.5%2.3%2.4%
South Dakota --------
Tennessee 9.6%2.2%2.9%3.3%3.1%2.9%2.6%2.6%
Texas ------0.7%0.2%
Utah ------48.0%50.8%
Vermont 100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%
Virginia 4.1%5.6%7.3%8.2%9.3%10.1%10.2%10.5%
Washington ------100.0%100.0%
West Virginia 11.6%6.8%10.5%8.5%10.9%14.1%13.1%13.1%
Wisconsin ---100.0%51.6%94.4%100.0%100.0%
Wyoming --------

a^ There were no Blacks at all—either free or enslaved—in South Dakota in 1860.[29]